When it comes to refinishing or repurposing old furniture, one of the most crucial steps is stripping away the existing finish. This can be a daunting task, especially if you’re working with intricate carvings or delicate surfaces. The right tools can make all the difference, which is why finding the best furniture strippers is essential for achieving professional-looking results. With so many options available on the market, it can be overwhelming to choose the right one for your specific needs. Whether you’re a seasoned DIY enthusiast or a beginner, having the right furniture stripper can save you time, effort, and frustration.
In this article, we’ll delve into the world of furniture stripping, exploring the different types of strippers available and what to look for when making a purchase. From chemical-based solutions to eco-friendly alternatives, we’ll cover it all. We’ll also provide in-depth reviews of top-rated products, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, to help you make an informed decision. By the end of this guide, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge and confidence to tackle even the most challenging furniture stripping projects, and achieve beautiful, professional-looking results that will make your old furniture look like new again.
Before we start our review of the best furniture strippers, here are some related products you can find on Amazon:
Introduction to Furniture Strippers
Furniture strippers are chemical products used to remove old finishes, such as varnish, paint, or lacquer, from surfaces of furniture, floors, and other wooden items. These products are essential for refinishing and restoring old furniture to its original condition. They work by breaking down the old finish, allowing it to be easily scraped off, revealing the bare wood underneath.
The use of furniture strippers has been around for decades and has become a crucial step in the furniture restoration process. With the help of these products, people can give new life to old, worn-out furniture, saving them from ending up in landfills. Furniture strippers come in different types, including chemical-based, water-based, and eco-friendly options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
When choosing a furniture stripper, it is essential to consider the type of finish being removed, the surface material, and the desired outcome. Some furniture strippers are designed for specific tasks, such as removing multiple layers of finish or tackling tough, stubborn stains. In order to achieve the best results, it is crucial to select the right product for the job. This is where the best furniture strippers come into play, providing effective and efficient solutions for furniture restoration projects.
In the world of furniture restoration, having the right tools and products is vital for achieving professional-looking results. Furniture strippers play a significant role in this process, allowing individuals to strip away old finishes and reveal the beauty of the underlying wood. By understanding the different types of furniture strippers available and how to use them, people can unlock the full potential of their furniture restoration projects and create stunning, one-of-a-kind pieces that will last for years to come.
Best Furniture Strippers – Reviewed
The
1. Citristrip Furniture Stripper
is a popular choice among DIY enthusiasts and professional furniture restorers. It is a powerful and effective stripper that can remove multiple layers of old finish from wood surfaces. The formula is biodegradable and has a low odor, making it safe to use indoors. It is also easy to apply and can be used on a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, and concrete.
One of the key benefits of the
1. Citristrip Furniture Stripper
is its ability to strip old finishes without damaging the underlying surface. It is also relatively inexpensive compared to other strippers on the market, making it a great value for those looking to restore their furniture on a budget. Additionally, the stripper is easy to clean up and does not leave any residue behind, making it a convenient choice for those who want to minimize their cleanup time.
The
2. Minwax After the Strip Furniture Stripper
is a high-quality stripper that is designed to remove old finishes from wood surfaces. It is a fast-acting formula that can strip multiple layers of finish in just a few minutes. The stripper is also easy to apply and can be used on a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, and concrete. It is a bit more expensive than some other strippers on the market, but its effectiveness and ease of use make it well worth the extra cost.
One of the key benefits of the
2. Minwax After the Strip Furniture Stripper
is its ability to strip old finishes quickly and easily. It is also a great choice for those who are looking to restore their furniture to its original condition, as it can help to remove dirt and grime that may have built up over time. Additionally, the stripper is safe to use on a variety of surfaces, making it a great choice for those who are looking to restore multiple pieces of furniture.
The
3. Zinsser Stripper Furniture Stripper
is a powerful and effective stripper that can remove old finishes from wood surfaces. It is a fast-acting formula that can strip multiple layers of finish in just a few minutes. The stripper is also easy to apply and can be used on a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, and concrete. It is a bit more expensive than some other strippers on the market, but its effectiveness and ease of use make it well worth the extra cost.
One of the key benefits of the
3. Zinsser Stripper Furniture Stripper
is its ability to strip old finishes quickly and easily. It is also a great choice for those who are looking to restore their furniture to its original condition, as it can help to remove dirt and grime that may have built up over time. Additionally, the stripper is safe to use on a variety of surfaces, making it a great choice for those who are looking to restore multiple pieces of furniture.
The
4. Klean-Strip Furniture Stripper
is a popular choice among DIY enthusiasts and professional furniture restorers. It is a powerful and effective stripper that can remove multiple layers of old finish from wood surfaces. The formula is biodegradable and has a low odor, making it safe to use indoors. It is also easy to apply and can be used on a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, and concrete.
One of the key benefits of the
4. Klean-Strip Furniture Stripper
is its ability to strip old finishes without damaging the underlying surface. It is also relatively inexpensive compared to other strippers on the market, making it a great value for those looking to restore their furniture on a budget. Additionally, the stripper is easy to clean up and does not leave any residue behind, making it a convenient choice for those who want to minimize their cleanup time.
The
5. Smart Strip Furniture Stripper
is a high-quality stripper that is designed to remove old finishes from wood surfaces. It is a fast-acting formula that can strip multiple layers of finish in just a few minutes. The stripper is also easy to apply and can be used on a variety of surfaces, including wood, metal, and concrete. It is a bit more expensive than some other strippers on the market, but its effectiveness and ease of use make it well worth the extra cost.
One of the key benefits of the
5. Smart Strip Furniture Stripper
is its ability to strip old finishes quickly and easily. It is also a great choice for those who are looking to restore their furniture to its original condition, as it can help to remove dirt and grime that may have built up over time. Additionally, the stripper is safe to use on a variety of surfaces, making it a great choice for those who are looking to restore multiple pieces of furniture.
Why People Need to Buy Furniture Strippers
Furniture strippers are essential tools for individuals who want to restore or refinish their old furniture. Over time, the finish on furniture can become worn out, damaged, or outdated, which can affect the overall appearance of the piece. In such cases, using a furniture stripper is the best way to remove the old finish and prepare the surface for a new coat of paint or varnish. This process not only helps to revive the furniture but also gives it a fresh new look.
The primary reason people need to buy furniture strippers is to remove old, damaged, or unwanted finishes from their furniture. This can include paint, varnish, lacquer, or other types of coatings. Furniture strippers are specifically designed to break down and dissolve these finishes, making it easy to scrape them off and start with a clean slate. Without a furniture stripper, removing old finishes can be a difficult and time-consuming process, often requiring a lot of elbow grease and potentially damaging the underlying surface.
In addition to removing old finishes, furniture strippers can also help to prepare the surface of the furniture for new coatings. By stripping away the old finish, individuals can ensure that the new coat of paint or varnish adheres properly to the surface, resulting in a smooth and even finish. This is especially important when working with delicate or intricate pieces of furniture, where a poor finish can detract from the overall appearance of the piece. By using the best furniture strippers, individuals can achieve professional-looking results and extend the life of their furniture.
When it comes to buying furniture strippers, there are many options available on the market. Different types of strippers are designed for specific types of finishes or surfaces, so it’s essential to choose the right one for the job. Some furniture strippers are designed for use on wood, while others are better suited for metal or other materials. By selecting the right furniture stripper and following the manufacturer’s instructions, individuals can safely and effectively remove old finishes and give their furniture a fresh new look. With the right tools and a little bit of effort, anyone can restore their old furniture to its former glory.
Types of Furniture Strippers Available
Furniture strippers come in various forms, including liquids, gels, and pastes. Each type has its own unique characteristics and advantages. Liquid strippers are the most common type and are known for their ease of use and fast-acting properties. They can be applied using a brush or spray gun, making them a popular choice among DIY enthusiasts and professional furniture restorers. Gel strippers, on the other hand, are thicker and more viscous, making them ideal for vertical surfaces and intricate carvings. Paste strippers are the most aggressive type and are often used for removing multiple layers of old finish.
The choice of furniture stripper type depends on the specific project requirements and the type of surface being stripped. For example, if you’re working with a delicate or intricate surface, a gel or paste stripper may be a better option. On the other hand, if you’re working with a large, flat surface, a liquid stripper may be more suitable. It’s also important to consider the environmental and health impacts of the stripper, as some types can be hazardous if not used properly.
In addition to the type of stripper, it’s also important to consider the active ingredients and pH level. Some strippers contain harsh chemicals like methylene chloride or caustic soda, which can be harmful to humans and the environment. Other strippers may be more gentle and eco-friendly, making them a better choice for those who prioritize sustainability. By understanding the different types of furniture strippers available, you can make an informed decision and choose the best product for your specific needs.
When selecting a furniture stripper, it’s also important to read the label and follow the instructions carefully. This will help ensure that you use the product safely and effectively. It’s also a good idea to test the stripper on a small, inconspicuous area first to make sure it doesn’t damage the surface. By taking the time to choose the right furniture stripper and using it properly, you can achieve professional-looking results and restore your furniture to its former glory.
Benefits of Using Furniture Strippers
Using furniture strippers can have numerous benefits, including restoring the original finish and appearance of the furniture. By removing old, damaged, or worn-out finishes, you can reveal the beautiful wood grain and texture underneath. This can be especially rewarding when working with antique or vintage pieces, as it can help to preserve their historical significance and value. Additionally, using a furniture stripper can help to remove dirt, grime, and other substances that may have accumulated on the surface over time.
Another benefit of using furniture strippers is that they can help to prepare the surface for new finishes or coatings. By removing old finishes and imperfections, you can create a smooth, even surface that is ideal for staining, painting, or applying a clear coat. This can be especially useful when working with furniture that has been damaged or worn out, as it can help to extend its lifespan and prevent further deterioration. Furthermore, using a furniture stripper can be a cost-effective alternative to replacing the furniture altogether.
In addition to the practical benefits, using furniture strippers can also be a fun and rewarding DIY project. Many people enjoy the process of restoring old furniture and watching it transform into a beautiful, like-new piece. With the right tools and techniques, you can achieve professional-looking results and enjoy the satisfaction of knowing that you did it yourself. Whether you’re a seasoned DIY enthusiast or a beginner, using furniture strippers can be a great way to get creative and make something truly unique.
When using furniture strippers, it’s also important to consider the safety precautions and potential risks involved. Some strippers can be hazardous if not used properly, and it’s essential to follow the instructions carefully and take necessary precautions to avoid accidents. By understanding the benefits and risks of using furniture strippers, you can make an informed decision and enjoy the rewards of restoring your furniture to its former glory.
How to Apply Furniture Strippers Safely and Effectively
Applying furniture strippers safely and effectively requires careful planning and attention to detail. The first step is to prepare the surface by removing any hardware, knobs, or other attachments that may be in the way. Next, you should put on protective gear, including gloves, safety glasses, and a mask, to prevent skin and eye irritation and inhalation of fumes. It’s also essential to work in a well-ventilated area, away from open flames or sparks, to prevent accidents.
Once you’re ready to apply the stripper, make sure to follow the instructions carefully and use the recommended amount. It’s also a good idea to test the stripper on a small, inconspicuous area first to make sure it doesn’t damage the surface. When applying the stripper, use a brush or spray gun to cover the entire surface evenly, working in small sections to avoid drips and runs. Allow the stripper to sit for the recommended amount of time, usually between 15 minutes to an hour, before scraping off the old finish with a putty knife or steel wool.
After removing the old finish, use a clean cloth or paper towel to wipe away any remaining residue and stripper. It’s essential to neutralize the surface by wiping it down with a solution of water and baking soda to remove any alkalinity and prevent further damage. Finally, allow the surface to dry completely before applying a new finish or coating. By following these steps and taking necessary precautions, you can apply furniture strippers safely and effectively and achieve professional-looking results.
In addition to the application process, it’s also important to consider the cleanup and disposal of the stripper and any remaining residue. Make sure to dispose of any rags, paper towels, or other materials used to apply or clean up the stripper in a sealed container or bag, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. By taking the time to apply furniture strippers safely and effectively, you can enjoy the rewards of restoring your furniture to its former glory and create a beautiful, like-new piece that will last for years to come.
Tips and Tricks for Getting the Best Results with Furniture Strippers
To get the best results with furniture strippers, it’s essential to have the right tools and techniques. One of the most important tips is to use the right type of stripper for the job, taking into account the type of surface, the age and condition of the finish, and the desired outcome. It’s also crucial to follow the instructions carefully and use the recommended amount of stripper to avoid damaging the surface or creating a mess.
Another tip is to work in small sections, using a putty knife or steel wool to scrape off the old finish and avoid drips and runs. It’s also a good idea to use a clean cloth or paper towel to wipe away any remaining residue and stripper, and to neutralize the surface by wiping it down with a solution of water and baking soda. Additionally, make sure to allow the surface to dry completely before applying a new finish or coating, as this will help to prevent any imperfections or defects.
In addition to these tips, it’s also important to consider the environmental and health impacts of the stripper, and to choose a product that is gentle and eco-friendly. Some strippers may contain harsh chemicals or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can be hazardous to humans and the environment. By choosing a gentle and eco-friendly stripper, you can minimize the risks and enjoy the rewards of restoring your furniture to its former glory.
When using furniture strippers, it’s also essential to be patient and take your time, as the process can be slow and labor-intensive. Don’t be tempted to rush the process or use too much stripper, as this can damage the surface or create a mess. Instead, work slowly and carefully, using the right tools and techniques to achieve professional-looking results. By following these tips and tricks, you can get the best results with furniture strippers and enjoy the satisfaction of restoring your furniture to its former glory.
Ultimate Buying Guide for Furniture Strippers
When it comes to restoring or refinishing old furniture, one of the most crucial steps is stripping away the old finish. This is where furniture strippers come in, helping to remove layers of paint, varnish, or other finishes to reveal the original surface. With so many options available, choosing the right furniture stripper can be overwhelming, especially for those new to furniture restoration. In this guide, we will explore the key factors to consider when selecting a furniture stripper, helping you make an informed decision.
Type of Stripping Agent
The type of stripping agent is a critical factor to consider when buying furniture strippers. There are several types of stripping agents available, including solvent-based, water-based, and bio-based strippers. Solvent-based strippers are the most common type and are effective at removing old finishes, but they can be hazardous to health and the environment. Water-based strippers, on the other hand, are safer and more environmentally friendly, but may not be as effective at removing stubborn finishes. Bio-based strippers are a newer option, made from natural ingredients and are biodegradable, making them a popular choice for those looking for a more sustainable option.
When choosing a type of stripping agent, consider the type of finish you are trying to remove and the surface of the furniture. For example, if you are trying to remove a thick layer of paint, a solvent-based stripper may be the most effective option. However, if you are working with a delicate surface, such as wood or fabric, a water-based or bio-based stripper may be a better choice. It’s also important to consider the safety precautions you will need to take when using the stripper, such as wearing protective gloves and working in a well-ventilated area.
Surface Compatibility
Surface compatibility is another key factor to consider when buying furniture strippers. Different strippers are designed to work with specific surfaces, such as wood, metal, or plastic. Using the wrong type of stripper on a surface can damage it, so it’s essential to choose a stripper that is compatible with the surface you are working with. For example, a stripper designed for use on wood may not be suitable for use on metal, as it can react with the metal and cause damage.
When considering surface compatibility, think about the type of furniture you are working with and the surface you need to strip. If you are working with a piece of furniture that has multiple surfaces, such as a wooden chair with metal hardware, you may need to choose a stripper that is compatible with both surfaces. It’s also important to read the label and follow the instructions carefully, as some strippers may require special precautions or have specific usage guidelines.
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of a furniture stripper is a critical factor to consider. A good stripper should be able to remove the old finish quickly and easily, without damaging the surface underneath. When evaluating the effectiveness of a stripper, consider the type of finish you are trying to remove and the thickness of the finish. Some strippers are designed to remove thick layers of paint or varnish, while others are better suited for removing thinner finishes.
When choosing a furniture stripper, look for products that have been specifically designed to remove the type of finish you are working with. For example, if you are trying to remove a thick layer of paint, look for a stripper that is specifically designed for removing paint. You can also read reviews and ask for recommendations from other furniture restorers to find the best furniture strippers for your needs. Additionally, consider the amount of time and effort required to remove the finish, as some strippers may require multiple applications or a lot of elbow grease.
Safety Precautions
Safety precautions are a crucial factor to consider when buying furniture strippers. Many strippers contain harsh chemicals that can be hazardous to health and the environment. When choosing a stripper, consider the safety precautions you will need to take to protect yourself and the environment. For example, some strippers may require you to wear protective gloves, safety glasses, and a mask, while others may need to be used in a well-ventilated area.
When evaluating the safety precautions of a stripper, read the label carefully and follow the instructions. Look for strippers that have been specifically designed with safety in mind, such as those that are labeled as “non-toxic” or “biodegradable”. You can also consider the type of stripping agent, as some may be safer than others. For example, water-based strippers are generally safer than solvent-based strippers, as they are less likely to cause skin irritation or other health problems.
Environmental Impact
The environmental impact of a furniture stripper is an important factor to consider. Many strippers contain harsh chemicals that can harm the environment, so it’s essential to choose a stripper that is environmentally friendly. When evaluating the environmental impact of a stripper, consider the type of stripping agent and the packaging. For example, a stripper that is made from natural ingredients and is biodegradable may be a better choice than one that is made from harsh chemicals and is packaged in non-recyclable materials.
When choosing a furniture stripper, look for products that have been specifically designed with the environment in mind. For example, some strippers may be labeled as “eco-friendly” or “sustainable”, indicating that they have been made with natural ingredients and are biodegradable. You can also consider the manufacturer’s reputation and policies, as some may be more committed to environmental sustainability than others. Additionally, consider the amount of waste generated by the stripper, as some may produce more waste than others.
Price and Value
The price and value of a furniture stripper are important factors to consider. Furniture strippers can range in price from a few dollars to several hundred dollars, depending on the type and quality of the product. When evaluating the price and value of a stripper, consider the effectiveness of the product, the safety precautions required, and the environmental impact. A good stripper should be effective, safe, and environmentally friendly, and should be priced accordingly.
When choosing a furniture stripper, consider the cost per use, as some strippers may be more expensive upfront but may be more cost-effective in the long run. You can also read reviews and ask for recommendations from other furniture restorers to find the best value for your money. Additionally, consider the warranty and customer support offered by the manufacturer, as some may offer better support and protection than others. By considering these factors, you can find a furniture stripper that meets your needs and budget, and helps you achieve professional-looking results.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a furniture stripper and how does it work?
A furniture stripper is a chemical solution used to remove old finishes, such as paint, varnish, or polyurethane, from furniture surfaces. It works by breaking down the finish, allowing it to be easily scraped or wiped away, revealing the bare wood underneath. This process can be useful for restoring old furniture, removing damaged or discolored finishes, or preparing a surface for a new finish.
The stripper is typically applied to the surface of the furniture, left to sit for a specified amount of time, and then removed using a scraper, cloth, or other tool. It’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and take necessary safety precautions when using a furniture stripper, as the chemicals can be hazardous to skin and eyes. Additionally, it’s crucial to choose the right type of stripper for the specific finish being removed, as some strippers are designed for particular types of finishes.
What are the different types of furniture strippers available?
There are several types of furniture strippers available, each with its own unique characteristics and uses. Some common types include solvent-based strippers, water-based strippers, and bio-based strippers. Solvent-based strippers are typically the most effective but can be hazardous to health and the environment. Water-based strippers are a safer alternative but may not be as effective on tough finishes. Bio-based strippers are a more environmentally friendly option, made from natural ingredients, but can be more expensive.
When choosing a furniture stripper, it’s essential to consider the type of finish being removed, the surface material, and any personal safety or environmental concerns. Some strippers are specifically designed for use on certain types of wood or finishes, so it’s crucial to read the label and follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Additionally, it’s a good idea to test a small, inconspicuous area of the furniture first to ensure the stripper doesn’t damage the surface.
How do I choose the best furniture stripper for my project?
Choosing the best furniture stripper for your project involves considering several factors, including the type of finish being removed, the surface material, and any personal safety or environmental concerns. It’s also essential to read reviews and follow the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure the stripper is used correctly and safely. Additionally, consider the size of the project and the amount of stripper needed, as well as any additional tools or materials required, such as scrapers or gloves.
When selecting a furniture stripper, look for products that are specifically designed for your type of project, and consider the level of difficulty and the amount of time required for the stripping process. Some strippers may be more suitable for large, complex projects, while others may be better suited for small, simple tasks. It’s also a good idea to consider the cost and availability of the stripper, as well as any additional features, such as a built-in cleaner or conditioner.
What safety precautions should I take when using a furniture stripper?
When using a furniture stripper, it’s essential to take several safety precautions to protect yourself and the environment. This includes wearing protective clothing, such as gloves, safety glasses, and a mask, to prevent skin and eye irritation and inhalation of fumes. It’s also crucial to work in a well-ventilated area, away from open flames or sparks, and to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application and removal.
Additionally, it’s a good idea to test a small, inconspicuous area of the furniture first to ensure the stripper doesn’t damage the surface. It’s also essential to dispose of the stripper and any removed finish responsibly, following local regulations and guidelines. After completing the stripping process, wash your hands thoroughly and clean any tools or surfaces that came into contact with the stripper. By taking these safety precautions, you can minimize the risks associated with using a furniture stripper and ensure a successful and safe project.
Can I use a furniture stripper on any type of furniture?
While furniture strippers can be used on many types of furniture, there are some exceptions and considerations to keep in mind. For example, some strippers may not be suitable for use on certain types of wood, such as pine or cedar, or on surfaces with intricate carvings or details. It’s also essential to consider the age and condition of the furniture, as some strippers may be too harsh for antique or fragile pieces.
Before using a furniture stripper, inspect the piece carefully and consider any potential risks or challenges. If the furniture has a complex or delicate finish, or if it’s made from a sensitive material, it may be better to consult a professional or use a gentler stripping method. Additionally, some furniture may have been previously stripped or refinished, which can affect the effectiveness of the stripper. By taking the time to assess the furniture and choose the right stripper, you can ensure a successful and safe project.
How do I remove old finish from intricate carvings or details?
Removing old finish from intricate carvings or details can be a challenging and delicate process. It’s essential to use a gentle stripper specifically designed for use on intricate surfaces, and to apply it carefully using a small brush or cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, which can damage the surface or remove too much of the surrounding finish.
To remove old finish from intricate carvings or details, start by applying a small amount of stripper to the area and letting it sit for a short time. Then, use a soft-bristled brush or a clean cloth to gently scrub the area, working from the center outwards. Avoid applying too much pressure, which can damage the surface or push the finish deeper into the carvings. Instead, use a gentle, back-and-forth motion to loosen the old finish, and then wipe it away with a clean cloth. Repeat the process as needed until the old finish is removed, and then clean the area thoroughly with a mild soap and water.
How do I neutralize the surface after stripping?
After stripping the old finish from a surface, it’s essential to neutralize the surface to remove any remaining stripper residue and prepare it for a new finish. This can be done using a neutralizing solution, such as a mixture of water and baking soda, or a commercial neutralizing product. Apply the solution to the surface, let it sit for a short time, and then wipe it away with a clean cloth.
It’s also important to rinse the surface thoroughly with clean water to remove any remaining residue or solution. Then, use a clean, dry cloth to wipe down the surface and remove any excess moisture. Finally, allow the surface to dry completely before applying a new finish, such as stain, polyurethane, or wax. By neutralizing the surface and preparing it properly, you can ensure a strong bond between the old wood and the new finish, and a successful, long-lasting result.
Final Words
In conclusion, selecting the right tool for refinishing and restoring old furniture is crucial for achieving professional-looking results. A good furniture stripper can make all the difference in removing old finishes, revealing the beauty of the underlying wood, and preparing it for a new coat of stain or paint. With so many options available in the market, it can be overwhelming to choose the best one for your specific needs. However, by considering factors such as the type of finish, the surface material, and the level of toxicity, you can narrow down your options and find the perfect stripper for your project.
Ultimately, investing in the best furniture strippers can save you time, effort, and money in the long run. These products are designed to be effective, efficient, and safe to use, making them an essential tool for any furniture restoration project. By choosing a high-quality furniture stripper, you can ensure that your project turns out beautifully, and your furniture looks like new again. Whether you’re a professional contractor or a DIY enthusiast, using the best furniture strippers can help you achieve professional-looking results and bring new life to old, worn-out furniture.